Reviews of Studies
Allen, DH: "In the majority of patients presenting with food intolerance, recognized or otherwise, symptoms are precipitated by various small, non-immunogenic organic molecules present in the food as natural or added ingredients. These reactions are pharmacological rather than immunological in nature, although in some situations they may share a final common pathway with true allergic reactions, resulting in similar symptoms."
Arnold: "The oligoantigenic or few-foods diet [an extreme Feingold-type diet] has convincing double-blind evidence of efficacy in multiple trials for a properly selected subgroup."
Arnold: "Oligoantigenic (few-foods) diets . . . do not appear promising for adults." Note: Dr. Arnold explained to us that his conclusion is based, not on a study showing lack of effect, but on the lack of any study on the effect of diet on adults.
Berdonces: "psychiatric medication [for ADHD] has major risks in children. From complementary medicine we can find several aids in changing diet patterns and supplementing with vitamins or minerals."
Breakey: "The research has shown that diet definitely affects some children."
Collins-Williams, C: "Tartrazine [Yellow #5], a common additive in foods and drugs, often causes adverse reactions such as recurrent urticaria, angioedema, and asthma and is frequently implicated in hyperkinesis. This paper summarizes the recent literature on the subject and outlines a practical approach for the practicing physician to diagnose and treat these patients in an optimal manner. "
Ghuman: "The current level of evidence for adequacy ... is Level A for methylphenidate and Level B for parent behavior training, child training, and additive-free elimination diet."
McFadden, SA:"...a significant number of individuals with environmental intolerance or chronic disease have impaired sulfation of phenolic xenobiotics. This impairment is demonstrated with the probe drug acetaminophen and is presumably due to starvation of the sulfotransferases for sulfate substrate... In addition, impaired sulfation may be relevant to intolerance of phenol, tyramine, and phenylic food constituents, and it may be a factor in the success of the Feingold diet."
Rimland B: "If the incoming data are of no value, no amount of massaging, analysis, or manipulation will increase its value." . . ."Suppose that thalidomide, rather than inducing structural deformities, had instead depressed IQ scores by 10%; would we ever have suspected it of adverse effects?"
Schab, DW: "We searched ten electronic databases for double-blind placebo-controlled trials evaluating the effects of AFCs [artificial food colors]. ... Despite indications of publication bias and other limitations, this study is consistent with accumulating evidence that neurobehavioral toxicity may characterize a variety of widely distributed chemicals."
Schnoll: " ... diet modification plays a major role in the management of ADHD and should be considered as part of the treatment protocol."
Schnyder B: "The therapy of food intolerance is a corresponding diet"
Weiss, B: (1982) The Feingold hypothesis postulates that many children who exhibit disturbed behavior improve on a diet devoid of certain food additives. Its validity has been examined on the bassis of controlled trials. The total evidence, although not wholly consistent, nevertheless suggests that the hypothesis is, in principle, correct. "
Weiss, B: (1994) "The conventional risk assessment structure, however, was designed primarily around cancer. . . the methods currently used to assess the potential toxicity of many substances, including food additives, typically ignore subtle, and often sensitive, neurobehavioral measures."
Zeisel, SH: "Diet clearly influences neurotransmission. . . . Given that there is little potential for harm and that there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial of a diet that contains no food additives may be a valid diagnostic approach for children with attention deficit disorder who do not respond to stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant therapy is not desired."
In alphabetical order by primary researcher
Last updated: 11/21/2012
- Allen, DH: Adverse reactions to foods
- Med J Aust 1984 Sep 1;141(5 Suppl):S37-42
- Arnold, LE: Treatment alternatives for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (ADHD)
- Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 3, No. 1, April 1999, pp. 30-48
- Full text - (get password)
- Arnold, LE: Alternative treatments for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 Jun;931:310-41
- Banerjee, TD: Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Acta Paediatrica 2007 Sep;96(9):1269-74.
- Full text - (get password)
- Baumgaertel, A: Alternative and controversial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
- Pediatr Clin North Am 1999 Oct;46(5):977-92
- Berdonces, JL: Attention deficit and infantile hyperactivity
- Rev Enferm 2001 Jan;24(1):11-4
- Breakey, J: The role of diet and behaviour in childhood,
- Journal of Paediatric Child Health 1997 Jun;33(3):190-4
- Full text - (get password)
- Breakey, J: Is food intolerance due to an inborn error of metabolism?
- Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(Suppl):S175.
- Brue, AW: Alternative treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does evidence support their use?
- Altern Ther Health Med 2002 Jan-Feb;8(1):68-70, 72-4
- Collins-Williams, C: Clinical spectrum of adverse reactions to tartrazine
- J Asthma 1985;22(3):139-43
- Dickerson, JW: Diet and hyperactivity
- Journal of human nutrition 1980 Jun;34(3):167-74
- Edelkind, S: Food-Induced Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Research
- Agnes Scott College, critical review (1998)
- Egger, J: (Full text) Hyperkinetic Syndrome
- Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine (1997), 7, 353-357.
- Ghuman, JK: Psychopharmacological and other treatments in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current evidence and practice. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;18(5):413-47.
- Jacobson, M: Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) Quarter Century Review of Diet, ADHD and Behavior (Full text), 1999 with 2008 update)
- See also: Chemical Cuisine: CSPI's Guide to Food Additives
- Kanarek, RB: Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00385.x.
- Full Text || Get Password
- (Note that the journal Nutrition Reviews is owned by the International Life Sciences Institute, an industry organization previously called the Nutrition Foundation.)
- Kaval, KA: (negative review; note the date) Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis
- J Learn Disabil, June 1983 vol. 16 no. 6 324-330
- Kidd, M: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative management.
- Alternative Medicine Review 2000 Oct;5(5):402-28
- Full text
- Marshall, P: Attention Deficit Disorder and Allergy: A Neurochemical Model of the relation Between the Illnesses
- Psychological Bulletin 1989, 106(3), 434-446
- McFadden, SA: Phenotypic Variation in Xenobiotic Metabolism and Adverse Environmental Response: Focus on Sulfur-Dependent Detoxification Pathways
- Toxicology, July 1996, Vol. 111(1-3), pp. 43-65
- Full text - (get password)
- Millstone, E.: (Full text) Adverse reactions to food additives: the extent and severity of the problem
- Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 1997, 7, 323-332.
- Pellow, J: Complementary and alternative medical therapies for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
- Altern Med Rev. 2011 Dec;16(4):323-37.
- Full Text
- Pressinger, RW: Environmental Causes of Learning Disabilities and Child Neurological Disorders (1997)
See also: Chemical Food Additive Exposure During Pregnancy
- Rimland, B:The Feingold diet: an assessment of the reviews by Mattes, by Kavale and Forness and others
- Journal of Learning Disabilities 1983 Jun-Jul;16(6):331-3
- Full text
- Schab, DW: Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials
- Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
- Full text - (get password)
- Schauss, AG: Nutrition and behavior: complex interdisciplinary research
- Nutr Health 1984;3(1-2):9-37
- Schnoll, R: Nutrition in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a neglected but important aspect
- Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003 Mar;28(1):63-75
- Full text - (get password)
- Silbergeld, EK: Artificial Food Colors and Childhood Behavior Disorders
- Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1982 Apr;58(3):275-95.
- Full text - (get password)
- Sinaiko, R: Medical Management of Attentional and Behavioral Difficulties of Childhood: Stimulant and Non-stimulant Strategies (Full text)
- Feingold Association Conference, 1996
- Sinn, N: Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Nutrition Reviews, 2008 Oct;66(10):558-68.
- Full text - (get password)
- Spring, C: (negative review: Note the date) Food Additives and Hyperkinesia A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence.
- Journal of Learning Disabilities, November 1976 vol.9 no.9 p.560-569
Full text - (get password)
- Stare, F.G.: (negative review: Note the date) Diet and hyperactivity: Is there a relationship?
- Pediatrics, October 1980, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 521-525
- Stevens, L: Dietary Sensitivities and ADHD Symptoms: Thirty-five Years of Research (Full text)
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Apr;50(4):279-93. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
- Weiss, B: Food additives and environmental chemicals as sources of childhood behavior disorders
- J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1982 Mar;21(2):144-52
- Full text - (get password)
- Weiss, B: Food additives as a source of behavioral disturbances in children
- Neurotoxicology 1986 Summer;7(2):197-208
- Full text - (get password)
- Weiss, B: Low-level chemical sensitivity: a perspective from behavioral toxicology
- Toxicol Ind Health, 1994 Jul-Oct;10(4-5):605-17
- WENDER: The Food Additive-Free Diet in the Treatment of Behavior Disorders: A Review
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1986 February; Vol. 7(1): 35-42Note: Wender is often quoted as the expert claiming that only 1% of children “demonstrated any consistent behavioral change in the expected direction.” However, she was not talking about 1% responding to the DIET, but rather 1% responding to the CHALLENGEs. Since the challenges were uniformly small, this is not very surprising. It is like using a baby aspirin in a study attempting to show aspirin useful for headache reduction in grown men.
- Zeisel, SH: Dietary influences on neurotransmission
- Advances in Pediatrics 1986;33:23-47
TOP